Alpha Lipoic Acid

Could you use more energy? Most lO-year-olds are bursting with energy. At age 30 most of us still have plenty of energy. By 40 we're beginning to slow down, but experience allows us shortcuts to reduce our energy needs. However by age 60, our energy levels are so depleted that even the wisdom of our years can't make up for our decline. If we make it to 80, we're just a shadow of our former selves. And if we reach 100, we're thrilled just to be alive.

It's not just our body as a whole that needs energy it's our individual cells as well. Our brain cells need energy to think, our heart cells need energy to keep our blood circulating, our lung cells need energy to process oxygen, our kidney cells need energy to excrete waste, our bone and muscle and cells need energy for structure and strength, and our immune cells need energy to fight off invading organisms.

Depletion of Energy

Although most diseases aren't caused by defects in the generation of energy, they're all characterized by energy depletion. Cancer stroke, heart disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease are different in their origin and expression, but they have one thing in common: depletion of the energy-generating capacity of essential cells. Energy depletion caused by diseases produces feelings of weakness, lassitude, depression, despair and hopelessness. Its endpoint is death.

As you know such feelings don't just come from overt diseases. Lack of energy is one of the most common complaints in people of all ages Whether reduced energy is caused by subclinical disease states, unpleasant or traumatic experiences, the "normal" ups and downs of life, or the ravages of aging, the feelings are the same. No one likes to feel weak. No one likes to be unable to do things they need to do. No one likes to see life as dark, colorless and unexciting. No one likes pain and suffering. And no one likes to feel as if their life is slipping away from them.

The Central Failure In Human Life

The central failure in human Iife is weakness: lack of strength; lack of purpose; lack of character; and lack of will. The appropriate reaction to weakness and feelings of inadequacy is to build oneself up, but all too often people strive to tear others down, or to rely on others for their self esteem. The results in social terms have been personal conflict, estrangement, war, and victimization.

Effects On Health And Medical Care

The effects on health and medical care have been reliance on doctors to "cure" us rather than taking responsibility for our own lives, the focus on the treatment of diseases rather than their prevention, and the attempt to destroy our enemies (viruses, bacteria, and other organisms) rather than to maintain our youth, become stronger, and build up our defenses.

A tragic example of the failure of our medical system is the story of Coenzyme Q, (CoQ₁₀ )- an essential component of our energy-generating system -- whose structure and function was discovered in the United States in the late 1950s, but whose role in health care has been almost totally ignored by the U.S. medical establishment, except for the heroic efforts of Dr. Karl Folkers of the University of Texas at Austin.

The Discovery Of Coenzyme Q10

In 1956, scientists at the University of Wisconsin under Dr. David E. Green isolated a crystalline yellow compound from beef heart mitochondria (the energy factories of the cell). They gave a few milligrams of this sample to Dr Folkers, who was head of a biochemical research team at Merck Sharp And Dohme Research Laboratories in Rahway, New Jersey.

Dr. Folkers and his coworkers at Merck determined that the chemical structure of CoQ is 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methly-6-decaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone. This structure was revealed at the International Congress on Biochemistry in Vienna in 1958 and published that year in the Journal of the American Chemical Society (60:4752).

FIGURE 1

Their discovery was given the name Coenzyme Q₁₀ because it has the biochemical role of a coenzyme (it aids in the action of enzymes) because the letter Q is the first letter of the word quinone, and because it has 10 isoprenoid units on its side chain (figure 1). Dr R.A. Morton and associates at the University of Liverpool in England named CoQ ubiquinone in their 1958 paper in Nature (182:1764) because it is found in virtually every cell of the body.

Concentration And Biosynthesis Of CoQ

CoQ is found in high concentrations (bound to three different proteins) in the heart, liver kidney, and pancreas. The total body content of CoQ has been estimated to be 0.5-1.5 grams. About 50% of the CoQ in the body is found within the mitochondria, where energy is generated on a continuous basis, and where CoQ has three major functions: to help several mitochondrial enzymes convert dietary nutrients (in the presence of oxygen) into the energy "currency" of the body ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate); to help quench some of the free radicals generated in the energy making process; and to help protect the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane.

CoQ levels have been shown to be well below normal in patients with a wide variety of diseases including heart disease, cancer and muscular dystrophy, as well as in normally aging people. One likely reason for these age and disease-related declines in CoQ may be the complexity of the process by which CoQ is synthesized within the body.

CoQ is biosynthesized from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine with the help of at least eight vitamins and trace elements (figure 2) all of which have vital biochemical functions in the body in addition to the manufacture of CoQ. Anyone with deficiencies of any of these nutrients is likely to become deficient in CoQ. When you add the aging-related breakdown of mitochondrial function which includes unrepairable DNA mutations - it's no wonder that our bodies hunger so much for this remarkable, life-enhancing nutrient.

Figure 2

The steps in the sequence for the
biosynthesis of vitamin Q₁₀ from
phenylalanine in the human body have
eight aromatic intermediates.

The Japanese Take The Lead

The fact that CoQ is available in the United States today to prevent killer diseases and extend lifespan in because of pioneering efforts in Japan in the 1970s. For 16 years after is discovery, even exploratory clinical studies with CoQ were extraordinary restricted because there was so little of it available from organic sources. (CoQ is found in virtually all foods and human and animal tissues, but is difficult and costly to extract it these sources). This began to change 1974 when the Japanese Nisshin began industrial production of CoQ from on an ingredient in tobacco, which led to the production of hundred of kilograms of the nutrient. This was used in clinical trials by the Eisai company, and was followed by the development of fermentation methods to synthesize CoQ in 1977 by the Kanegafuchi company, which also conducted clinical research. There also has been in Western countries, such as the determination of CoQ works, for which English scientist Dr. Peter Mitchell was awarded the Nobel Prize.

Approval Of CoQ In Japan

These developments led to the approval (in the 1970s) of Coenzyme Q10, in Japan (under the trade name Ubidecarenono) as a treatment for people with cardiovascular diseases. By 1982, CoQ had become one of the top 5 selling drugs in Japan, with about 6 million Japanese taking it on a regular basis. CoQ continues to be a top-selling drug in Japan. Its use there is primarily as a drug for the treatment of specific conditions such as heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and hypertension (high blood pressure).

Although CoQ is highly effective in treating these diseases, its enormous potential as an anti-aging, anti-disease therapy has remained largely untapped because of the prevailing dogma in medical circles against the concept of an all purpose, health-building therapy and because of the bias in Western medicine that favors the development proprietary medicines that can be patented and protected against competition. Dr. Folkers pointed this out in 1986 in his acceptance speech, after being awarded the prestigious Priestly Medal for his research into CoQ and other nutrients by the American Chemical Society. "The reason CoQ is not a 'household nutrient' in the West," said Dr. Folkers, "has more to do with the lack of protected marketing positions, than its safety or how well it works."

The Foundation Introduces CoQ Into The U.S.

The fact that CoQ is now sold openly as a nutrient in the U.S. is the direct result of an article ("Life Extension Benefits of Coenzyme Q10") by Gregory M.Fahy, Ph.D. in the July 1983 issue of The Life Extension Foundation's newsletter Anti-Aging News. This pioneering, "inside" article introduced CoQ into the United States. Its rundown of the voluminous scientific evidence (even then) that CoQ is essential for health and longevity was a revelation to Foundation members (and other Americans) who had never before heard of this remarkable nutrient.

More than half of Dr Fahy's article dealt with how readers might try to obtain CoQ and how if that proved impossible, they might raise their CoQ levels by supplementing their diet with the nutrient precursors of CoQ. At the time, the only source of CoQ in the U.S. was a Texas company that only offered small doses of CoQ at exceedingly high prices to select customers.

Another company in Maryland wanted to gain FDA approval in the U.S. as a cardiovascular drug, but hadn't yet raised enough capital to start clinical trials.

The primary worldwide sources of CoQ were the Japanese companies who had developed it, but they were primarily interested in seeing CoQ gain approval in the U.S. as a drug, as had been done Japan. None of them were especially interested in having CoQ sold as nutrient in this country because of their fear that the FDA would ban it as an "unapproved new drug".

Dr. Fahy's Meetings With Japanese Company Officials

The turning point came when Dr. Fahy set up several meetings with officials of the Japanese companies producing CoQ in an attempt to persuade them of the value of providing CoQ to companies who wished to sell it as a nutrient. Dr Fahy pointed out the enormous potential of CoQ as a disease-preventing, anti-aging therapy and tried to allay their fears about FDA intervention by focusing on the extraordinary safety of CoQ, which could be used, he suggested, to attempt to "persuade" the FDA from banning it. Since the Japanese were well aware of the safety of CoQ (because of the millions of consumers of CoQ in Japan) as well as its remarkable health benefits, they relented and decided to sell it to American companies.

Since then, the use of CoQ as a nutrient has grown by leaps and bounds in the United States. CoQ is now sold in health food stores around the country, and by many mail order companies. It is one of the most popular products sold through The Foundation and grows in popularity every year. We've introduced several CoQ products over the years, with the latest being Prolongevity's oil-based, soft-gel version of CoQ, which has shown greater bioavailability than dry versions of CoQ.

Although CoQ is now freely available in the U.S, the number of Americans enjoying the health benefits of CoQ is ridiculously small. Hundreds of research studies and clinical trials have demonstrated dozens of invaluable health and medical benefits for CoQ, with little or no toxicity reported, even at doses of hundreds of milligrams per day. The evidence strongly supports the proposition that every American could benefit from daily, supplemental CoQ, and that the regular, widespread use of this remarkable nutrient among Americans would save vast numbers of lives!

What follows is a rundown of the multiple health benefits of CoQ, based upon the latest published studies in the medical literature.

The Multiple Health and Longevity Benefits of CoQ

Among the documented health and longevity benefits of CoQ are the:

1. Generation of energy in every cell tissue, and organ of the body;
2. Prevention and treatment of a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases, including congestive heart failure, angina pectoris (heart pain), cardiac arrhythmias, high blood pressure, and atherosclerosis;
3. Prevention and treatment of cancer of the breast, lung, colon, prostate, and other types of cancer;
4. Treatment of several types of muscular dystrophy;
5. Treatment of periodontal disease;
6. Protection against ischemic damage from accidents and surgical procedures, especially in the heart;
7. Protection against the side effects of toxic drugs;
8. Protection against the cellular damage of excessive free radical activity;
9. Slowing of various aspects of the aging process leading to the extension of mean lifespan (in animal studies).

Now let's take a closer look at some exciting studies that document the extraordinary health benefits of coenzyme Q10.

How Coenzyme Q₁₀ Helps To Generate Energy

Your body is made up of 100 trillion or so cells, all of which must produce their own energy to carry out their essential life functions. In order to generate this energy your cells have factories (called mitochondria) where nutrients obtained from food are "burned" in the presence of oxygen obtained from the air we breath. An estimated 96% of the oxygen we consume is used solely for the generation of energy!

Coenzyme Q, is a necessary component of this energy-generating process in every cell of your body. No other substance can be substituted for CoQ, without which energy cannot be generated and life cannot be sustained! Here is how the process works:

The molecules in the food you eat are broken down into smaller units containing carbon atoms held together by negatively charged electrons. The bonds between the carbon atoms are then broken down further, so that the electrons are released. The energy built into these released electrons is converted in ATP, which the cells use as their energy currency. The depleted electrons are then charged protons and oxygen to form water-harmless waste product of the process.

CoQ's Role In The Process

CoQ molecules assist several enzymes that stimulate this energy-generating process by acting as a shuttle to transport both electrons and protons from one bioenergy enzyme to another. Each CoQ molecule carries electrons and protons from donor enzymes to acceptor enzymes. They then return to pick up more electrons and protons. The CoQ transport cycle is repeated over-and-over again, thousands of times a second! Every electron and proton from which energy is to be extracted must first be transported to that appropriate enzyme by a molecule of Coenzyme Q₁₀

An Effective Therapy For Cardiovascular Disease

The use of CoQ to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases is the oldest and most documented health benefit provided by CoQ. There have been dozens of studies demonstrating that CoQ can prefect the heart against damage from reduced blood flow and electrical disturbances, and that patients with heart pain, heart arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, heart valve problems, hypertension, and heart damage caused by toxic drugs such as adriamycin can be improved significantly in some cases dramatically by treatment with CoQ.

A number of proposed therapeutic mechanisms of action for CoQ in cardiovascular disease can be found in TABLE 1. However there's little doubt that the basic, underlying mechanism of action for CoQ's cardiovascular benefits is its role in the generation of energy. Animal hearts pretreated with CoQ show substantially less depletion of ATP than untreated hearts. Ultrastructural studies show that hearts pretreated with CoQ maintain mitochondrial architecture within their cells far better than untreated control hearts, and that CoQ stabilizes and strengthens heart cell membranes, improves the heart's mechanical peformance, protects the heart against free radical damage, and keeps heart cells alive (in tissue culture) far longer than untreated cells.

Clinical Heart Failures Studies With CoQ

The rationale for using CoQ in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure comes from studies showing that blood and tissue levels of CoQ in more than 1,000 heart attack patients were significantly lower than normal. In one study it was shown that the most favorable clinical response to CoQ was in patients with the lowest blood levels of CoQ.

There have been more than 31 reports of clinical trials in Japan describing the favorable effects of either intravenous or oral CoQ therapy in patients with heart failure from various causes. Some of these trials used CoQ by itself, in others CoQ was used in addition to conventional therapies such as digitalis, diuretics, and vasodilators.

In one controlled trial, 12 patients who failed to get relief from diuretics and digitalis were given 100 mg daily of oral CoQ. After 30 days, 67% of the patients showed clinical improvement in their symptoms, including dyspnea (breathing problems) and fatigue. There was also a significant reduction in left atrial size, an indication of improved heart performance.

In a placebo-controlled, double blind, crossover trial, 19 patients with advanced heart failure were treated with 33 mg of CoQ three times a day for 12 weeks. The result showed significant improvement in cardiac function during CoQ treatment as compared to controls in such functions as ejection fraction, stroke volume, and contractibility.

Although the results of these trials are highly persuasive, they were all relatively small in size. In the last few years, however, the results of a large multicenter trial of CoQ in heart failure patients in Italy have been published in several journals.

Table 1

Italian Multicenter Study

The Italian study looked at CoQ as an adjunct to conventional drugs in 2,664 heart patients in 173 clinical centers over a 3-month period. The daily dosage of CoQ was 50-150 mg daily with the majority of patients (78%) receiving 100 mg/day. The patients in the study were all rated Class II and III (moderately ill) according to a rating scale based upon the guidelines formulated by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) regarding the symptoms associated with congestive heart failure.

The results showed improvement in virtually all functions measured in the CoQ-treated patients. The proportions of patients exhibiting significant improvement (of at least one point) in clinical symptoms was as follows (Tables 2 and 3): cyanosis 78.1%, edema 78.6%, pulmonary rate 77.8%, enlargement of liver 49.3%, jugular reflex 71.8%, dyspnoea 52.7%, palpitations 75.4%, sweating 79.8%, arrhythmias 63.4%, insomnia 66.8%, and vertigo 73.1%. They also found significant improvement in at least three symptoms in 54% of the patients, indicating major improvement in the quality of their lives.

The investigators summed up their results as follows:
"A significant reduction in blood pressure and heart rate, both in supine and sitting position, was observed in our study. These data confirm the results of a recent study in which CoQ, therapy led to a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance, resulting in a significant decrease in blood pressure. An inhibitory effect of CoQ₁₀ on plasma catecholamine levels in heart failure has been recently reported. In our patients, the reduction in peripheral vascular resistance may be related to an inhibition by CoQ, of the sympathetic overactivity known to be present early in heart failure. The reduction in sweating and palpitations, reported by our patients may result from the same mechanism."

Table 2

Table 3

Treatment Of Hypertension With CoQ

We've been recommending CoQ to patients with cardiovascular disease for years with very good results. Most of these patients start taking CoQ in addition to the conventional drugs they are using. In many cases, they find that prolonged use of CoQ eliminates their need for such prescription drugs, A recent study of the use of CoQ in patients suffering from hypertension (high blood pressure) showed how CoQ can' help patients dispense with their drugs.

This study was conducted by scientists (including Karl Folkers) at the University of Texas at Austin. A total of 109 patients with hypertension were given a variable dose of from 75 to 360 mg/day of CoQ in addition to the existing drug regimen. The patients were followed closely with frequent clinic visits to record blood pressure and make the necessary adjustments in dosage. No side effects or drug interactions were found in any of the patients in the study.

Figure 3

They found that mean systolic blood pressure improved from 159 to 147 and mean diastolic blood pressure improved from 94 to 85 (Figure 3). They also found that, as the patients' functional status and blood pressure improved, and there was a gradual decrease in the need far antihypertensive drugs. Thirty-seven percent of the patients were able to discontinue one drug, 11% discontinued two drugs, and 4% discontinued three drugs. The average time before stopping an anti- hypertensive drug was 4.4 months after starting CoQ, with 62% requiring 3 or more months (Figure 4).

Figure 4

They concluded that:
"CoQ, a both remarkably safe and cost effective and should be considered among the initial therapeutic modalities alongside such fundamental recommendations as diet exercise and stress reduction and should certainly be considered prior to embarking upon on escalating course of pharmacologic interventions with all of their well established medical and economic hazards."

Interestingly, the Texas scientists found that the most effective way of raising blood levels of CoQ in patients was to give it with a fat containing food (usually peanut butter), which "more than doubled the blood CoQ level on any given dosage." This is not surprising because CoQ is a fat-soluble nutrient that assimilates better in the presence of fat. For this reason, The Foundation now offers CoQ in oil-based, soft-gel capsules, which maximizes its bioavailability within the body.

The Bioavaliability of CoQ

Recent studies at the Royal Danish School of Pharmacy in Denmark have demonstrated that "CoQ in soy bean oil in soft gelatine capsules has higher bioavailability than CoQ formulated with other inert substances." These studies compared CoQ in dry powder form (in capsules) and in tablets with various oil-based formulations of CoQ. It is on the basis of these studies that we now offer CoQ in the same soy-bean-oil formula shown in these studies to produce optimal absorption of CoQ into the body. For further information about this product, call 1-800-64414440 or you can order CoQ10 On-line.

Alpha Lipoic Acid

Treatment Of Diabetic Neuropathies

One of the most damaging complications of diabetes is nerve damage at various sites of the body, which inactivates and weakens muscles, can be extremely painful, and can cause blindness when the retina of the eye is attacked (diabetic retinopathy). Alpha lipoic acid has been shown to be highly effective in treating such neuropathies.

The clinical benefits of alpha lipoic acid in diabetics was discovered by Beck and Schneeweiss in 1959. There have been a half dozen or so studies since then confirming these results. In a placebo controlled, double blind study, 20 diabetics were given intravenous infusions of 200 mg a day of alpha lipoic acid or placebo for 21 days. The results showed dramatic improvement in some clinical symptoms in some of the experimental subjects. For example, before being treated with alpha lipoic acid, four patients had severe pain and six patients had moderate pain. After treatment, five of the patients had no pain, four had moderate pain, and only one had severe pain.

In neither of the above studies, was any improvement found in motor or sensory nerve condition velocity, but scientists point out that such neurophysiology changes can take months or years to occur and that the clear cut clinical benefits found in these studies indicate that continued treatment in diabetics with alpha lipoic acid would likely improve all the functions damaged in diabetic neuropathies.

Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the various mechanisms by which alpha lipoic acid supplementation benefits diabetes patients.

Alpha Lipoic Acid Protects Against Nerve Cell Death

In recent years, scientists have found found a method of nerve cell death in stroke and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease is excitotoxicity (excessive activation) of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and the subsequent generation of nitric oxide, free radical induced lipid peroxidation, aberrantly increased calcium concentration, and mitochondrial dysfunction leading to, depleted energy supplies.

There is evidence that depletion of reduced glutathione makes neurons more susceptible to excitotoxicity, and that intact mitochondrial function is essential for neuronal resistance to to excitotoxic attack. It is believed, for example, that reduced levels of the energy currency of the cell (ATP) that accompanies loss of mitochondrial function causes depolarization of neuronal membrane, which exposes NMDA receptors to excessive levels of glutamate. The resulting neurohormonal cascade leads, in many cases, to the death of neurons in the brain, and central and peripheral nervous systems.

Scientists have been trying to develop, antyi-excitotoxic therapies that are NMDA receptor antagonists this counter this kind of neuronal cell death. A recent study at the Dept. Of Neurology at the University of Rochester, N.Y.at the University of Rochester Medical Center in Rochester, N.Y. demonstrated that alpha lipoic acid protected against glutamate and malonic acid induced lesions in the brains of male Sprague-Dawley rats.

They found a significant reduction of Iesions in animals receiving 10 mg/kg injections of either alpha lipoic: acid or DHLA (Fig. 5). The University of Rochester scientists concluded that:

"Excessive activation of NMDA receptors by glutamate has been implicated in the neuronal damage associated with hypoxia/ischemia and hypoglycemia. In contrast, it is hypothesized that chronic neurodegenerative disorders may involve a form of secondary excitotoxicity induced by metabolic or membrane defects rather than excessive glumate release. The fact that thiotic acid (alpha lipoic acid) and dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) are neuroprotective against both direct and secondary excitotocity suggest a possible role for these endogenous compounds in the treatment of acute and chronic neurological disorders. In this regard, it is worth nothing that thiotic acid is an approved drug for the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy in Germany"

Alpha Lipoic Acid

Sprouting Neurites in Rat Neurons

Further evidence that alpha lipoic acid can provide therapeutic benefits in patients with neuropathies comes from tissue culture studies in which exposure to alpha lipoic acid resulted in the sprouting of neurites (the small branches at the end of neurons) in early stage rat neurons that far exceeded that round in control neurons.

In this study, which was conducted at the Max Planck Institute For Physiology in Frankfort, Germany, the length of the neurites in the alpha lipoic acid treated neurons was five times that of the untreated neurons and there were far more branchings in the experimental tissue culture neurons. These changes were dose dependent. The more alpha lipoic acid added to the culture medium the greater the density and length of the neurons.

The scientists concluded that, since the first step in neuronal regeneration consists of neuronal regeneration consists of neurite elongation, this finding suggests that alpha lipoic acid may be able to help regenerate neurons in humans, which would make it a potentially useful therapy for brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Lou Gehrig's disease, and other age-related neurodegenerative diseases.

Improved Memory In Aged Mice

To test the hypothesis treatment with the appropriate free radical scavenger can improve age-related memory deficit, researchers at the Clinical Institute for Mental Health in Mannheim , Germany used aged female NMRI mice, who have demonstrated to exhibit specific well defined memory deficits with advancing age, as well as deficits of NMDA receptors density, which have been linked to age-related cognitive decline.

The German scientists gave old. but healthy 20-23 month old female alpha lipoic acid at 100 mg/kg of body weight dissolved in Methocel (1%) administered orally once a day for 15 days, with controls receiving Methocel alone. The treatment was started 14 days before the beginning of behavioral memory testing. A second group of aged mice used for biochemical analysis was also treated for 15 days, and a third group of young (3-4 months) mice were tested as well. The mice were tested on their ability to explore a series of maze like compartments within a special area.

The results showed that two factors influenced learning and memory age and treatment with alpha lipoic acid. The scientists found that long term memory, but not short term memory or learning was impaired in aged female NMRI mice with the repetition of trials. On the other hand, the mice treated with alpha lipoic acid showed marked improvement in learning and memory when compared to aged, untreated controls. This improvement of cognitive function was correlated with an increase in NMDA receptor density, suggesting that the memory enhancing effects of alpha lipoic acid may be linked to the age related decline in the density of these receptors.

Effects On Cataract Formation

Another common complication of diabetes is cataract formation in the eye, which can lead to blindness. In animal studies supplementation with alpha lipoic acid has prevented cataract formation caused by inhibition of glutathione synthesis. These studies showed that alpha lipoic acid reduced cataract formation by 40% by protecting the lens of the eye from the loss of vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione, which occurred in unsupplemented control animals.

Protection Against Atherosclerosis

Diabetics have a significantly higher incidence of atherosclerosis than healthy people. There is substantial evidence that the ability of alpha lipoic acid to counteract glucose modification of proteins (glycation) plays an important role in protecting us against atherosclerosis. Both alpha lipoic acid and DHLA have been shown to protect a wide variety of tissues from the protein cross links produced by glycation, and the oxidation of LDL cholesterol, which plays a critical role in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. This process is a cause of high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes. Much has been written about the ability of aminoguanidine and chromium to counteract the molecular cross links caused by glycation, but it appears as if alpha lipoic acid may be even more effective than both these compounds in countering the degenerative effects of glycation. This suggests that alpha lipoic acid may play a role in preventing some of the aspects of normal aging, as well as in protecting us against diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases.

Protection Against Other Pathologies

Among the other therapeutic uses for alpha lipoic acid has been the treatment of liver disease caused by excessive alcohol intake, as an antidote for various types of Coed poisoning, as a means of countering the effects of ischemic (reduced blood flow) and reperfusion injury, as a means of protecting against heavy metal poisoning, radiation in- jury, and the effects of cigarette smoking.

No Adverse Side Effects

In all the clinical studies to date with alpha lipoic acid, there have been no reported serious adverse side effects, even at the high doses used to treat diabetics and patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases. Among the mild, reversible side effects found in some patients have been allergic skin reactions, and possible hypoglycemia in diabetics.