Life Extension Magazine®
The Prospect of Human Age Reversal
Age-reversal research is rapidly accelerating. Bill Faloon summarized many of these findings at a scientific conference, including delayed aging using young plasma, resetting youthful gene expression with transcription factors, elongating telomeres with hyperbaric oxygen, the first human trial using CRISPR gene therapy, and other exciting developments.
Scientifically reviewed by: Dr. Gary Gonzalez, MD, in October 2024. Written by: William Faloon.
Each year there are scientific conferences where presentations are made about slowing and reversing aging processes in lab models and people.
Groups that I fund send experts to many of these events to learn better ways of keeping people alive and healthy for as long as possible.
I announce these findings at a conference that Life Extension helps sponsor called RAADfest, which stands for Revolution Against Aging and Death.
Each year, about 1,000 people attend this event where speakers describe mechanistic ways for people to thwart degenerative processes.
This article summarizes highlights from my keynote presentation at RAADfest 2021.
My presentation opens by outlining the major topics I will discuss, as can be seen on the following slide.
Transcending Toward Super Longevity
Today’s Overview
- Research findings since last year’s RAADfest.
- What people can do now to live 5 more years.
- Repopulate bone marrow with autologous stem cells to reverse immune senescence.
- Transhumanist advances over last few months.
I let the audience know that Life Extension® has been publishing groundbreaking research findings for the past 41 years in our monthly publications:
Our contention that aging may be reversible today is controversial. I make it clear that we nonetheless proceed forward no matter what obstacles stand in our way.
Most attendees at these conferences are aware of research dating back to the 1950s showing that when young blood is continually circulated into old animals, the old animals grow biologically younger.
What’s important about this research is that it proves a concept, i.e., it is possible to partially regenerate old animals.
My first announcement was a study our groups funded showing that injecting young plasma into rats the human equivalent of 60 years enabled quality-of-life enhancements and some longevity benefits.
The young plasma-treated rats looked and behaved younger than the same age control group.
The slide below shows that rats given young plasma (solid black dots) lived much longer before degenerative changes set in compared to the control group (blank circle dots).
The young plasma-treated rats may have lived seven additional human equivalent years compared to the control groups. I acknowledged that calculating human equivalents to rodent lab models is an imprecise science.
The box below summarizes highlights from this young plasma study that our groups helped to fund:
Survival + Quality-of-Life Improvements in Rats Receiving Young Plasma (i.p.) Every 2 Weeks
- Rats aged human equivalent of 60 years given Young Plasma via intraperitoneal injection.
- Transient improvement in quality of life.
- Average Lifespan of untreated group: 29.8 months (70 years in humans)
- Average Lifespan of treated group: 32 months (77 years in humans)
- On May 23, 2021, seven treated rats alive compared to one living control.
- On July 20, 2021, two treated rats alive compared to one living control.
Email from Professor Rodolfo Goya to Bill Faloon August 16, 2021.
I reminded the audience of a separate study where a young plasma fraction cut a measure of aging in half in old rats. This was calculated by epigenic age using the “Horvath Clock.” The Horvath Clock is the most reliable current measure of biological age, and this study is described on the following three slides:
My emphasis was on the consistency of evidence about rejuvenating factors in young plasma. I let the audience know our challenge in the box below:
Young Plasma Fraction Induces Age Reversal in Major Tissues
Young plasma treatment more than halved the epigenetic ages of blood, heart, and liver tissues.
Epigenetic clock measures indicate systemic rejuvenation.
Horvath, S., Singh, K., Raj, K., Khairnar, S., Sanghavi, A., Shrivastava, A., … & Lehmann, M. (2020). Reversing Age: dual species measurement of epigenetic age with a single clock. bioRxiv.
Rejuvenating Effect on Grip Strength in Old Rats
Within 10 days of young plasma fraction treatment the physical capabilities of old rats are indistinguishable from that of the young rats.
Horvath, S., Singh, K., Raj, K., Khairnar, S., Sanghavi, A., Shrivastava, A., … & Lehmann, M. (2020). Reversing Age: dual species measurement of epigenetic age with a single clock. bioRxiv.
DNA Methylation Measures Epigenetic Age
DNA methylation controls the transcription (activation) of genes.
Without proper DNA methylation beneficial genes are deactivated while harmful genes can be overexpressed.
This is the principle of what is called “epigenetic aging.”
Young plasma treatment more than halved epigenetic ages.
Horvath, S., Singh, K., Raj, K., Khairnar, S., Sanghavi, A., Shrivastava, A., … & Lehmann, M. (2020). Reversing Age: dual species measurement of epigenetic age with a single clock. bioRxiv.
“How to Transition Young Plasma Benefits into Old Humans?”
The proposed solution as described in the following slides is to use “transcription factors” to “turn on”youthful gene expression in human bone marrow.
This may enable our own bone marrow to generate endless supplies of youthful blood cells (including stem, progenitor and immune cells) to induce systemic age reversal and keep us young.
Transcription factors are cellular proteins that turn our genes “on” and “off” so that genes are expressed in the right cell, at the right time, in the right amount.
The following five slides describe the importance of healthy bone marrow, how exhaustion of bone marrow stem cells limits lifespans, and how transcription factors (including Yamanaka Factors) were proven two decades ago to reverse aging in old cells.
I then announced a review article that we funded that was published in February 2021 in a respected scientific journal. The purpose of this article was to summarize data that began accumulating in 2006 showing that it is possible to fully reverse aging in old cells using transcription factors to turn youthful gene expression back on.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
“For the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent.”
Four specific genes encode transcription factors that can convert somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells that can propagate indefinitely. “Yamanaka Factors”
The Nobel Prize was awarded to John B. Gordon and Shinya Yamanaka—two scientists who discovered that mature, specialized cells can be reprogrammed to become embryonic cells capable of developing into all tissues of the body.
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2012/yamanaka/facts/
Stem Cells Naturally Enable Systemic Rejuvenation
But our supply of hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells is limited.
Transcription factors can reprogram old cells into induced pluripotent stem cells that can theoretically regenerate our tissues forever.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
can develop into all types of blood cells and are found in peripheral blood and bone marrow.
With age, hematopoietic stem cells become depleted and contribute to immune senescence and anemia.
Healthy hematopoietic stem cells are needed to sustain life.
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/hematopoietic-stem-cell
How Blood Can Be Rejuvenated
Lund University February 2017
- Blood stem cells generate around a thousand billion new blood cells every day.
- The capacity of hematopoietic stem cells to produce new blood cells diminishes with age.
- Older people are more susceptible to anemia, lowered immunity, and blood cancers.
- Researchers at Lund University (Sweden) rejuvenate blood stem cells in aged mice.
“We found that there was no difference in blood-generating capacity when we compared the reprogrammed blood stem cells with healthy blood stem cells from a young mouse. This is, as far as we know, the first time someone has directly succeeded in proving that it is possible to recreate the function of young stem cells from a functionally old cell.”
Wahlestedt, M. et al. Clonal reversal of ageing-associated stem cell lineage bias via a pluripotent intermediate. Nat. Commun. 8, 14533 doi: 10.1038/ncomms14533 (2017).
Authors of this review discuss several studies, including one demonstrating that cells from 100-year-old people can be “reprogrammed” into induced pluripotent stem cells.
The next step in transitioning this science to whole-body regeneration is to multiply the reprogrammed stem cells (genetically identical to the donor host) and then transplant the reprogrammed stem cells back into the same donor. The objective is systemic rejuvenation.
By highlighting key findings from eight independent studies, this review article (published February 28, 2021) urged that this technology be transitioned into whole-animal studies and then people if the animals safely grow biologically younger.
The regenerative potential of these cellular reprogramming discoveries is so profound that on September 4, 2021, MIT announced that Jeff Bezos and another billionaire are committing hundreds of millions of dollars to enable this technology to allow older people to grow biologically younger.
February 28, 2021
National Library of Medicine
“Aging and Rejuvenation – A Modular Epigenome Model”
“When cells were reprogrammed with a 6-factor cocktail the (degenerative) alterations were fully reversed and cells fully rejuvenated.”
- This 2021 published review and additional investigations summarize age-reversal impact of cell reprogramming.
- Human trials being investigated.
- Funded by Bill Faloon and other charitable donors.
Chiavellini P, Canatelli-Mallat M, Lehmann M, et al. Aging and rejuvenation—a modular epigenome model. Aging (Albany NY). 2021;13(4):4734-4746. doi:10.18632/aging.202712
My next announcement was how we plan to implement this bone marrow restoration research as can be seen in the slide below:
Rebuild Bone Marrow to Restore Youth
Human Research Initiative:
Step 1: Selectively remove senescent bone marrow cells.
Step 2: Replace with induced autologous pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells to rebuild immunity.
Step 3: Also use transcription factors to make autologous mesenchymal stem cells for systemic regeneration.
Large-animal pilot studies will first evaluate safety and regenerative efficacy.
I created the following diagram to outline the step-by-step process that we will help fund over the next two to three years to use donor cells that will be reprogrammed back to pluripotent stem cells using transcription factors and then transplanted into the original donor host:
Old fibroblasts reprogrammed into autologous induced pluripotent stem/progenitor cells. (This kind of rejuvenation research is now being funded by Jeff Bezos and others.)
The next two slides demonstrate in vivo brain regeneration and systemic energizing effects that occur when young bone marrow is transplanted into old rats.
Medical Xpress February 28, 2021
Young Bone Marrow Rejuvenates Aging Mouse Brains
Microglia in brains of old mice have fewer/shorter branches than young mice.
Synaptic branches of microglia of old mice who received bone marrow transplants from young mice resembled those of young mice.
Credit: Cedars-Sinai / Communications Biology Available at: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-02-young-bone-marrow-rejuvenates-aging.html
Nature February 20, 2019
Young Bone Marrow Transplants Restore Exploratory Activity in Old Mice
“... Young bone marrow recipients, but not old bone marrow recipients, were more active than old control mice.”
(BMT means bone marrow transplant)
https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-019-0298-5/figures/1
Das, M.M., Godoy, M., Chen, S. et al. Young bone marrow transplantation preserves learning and memory in old mice. Commun Biol 2, 73 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0298-5
I explained that young bone marrow transplants are not yet feasible for humans because of graft versus host disease. (This does not occur in mice because they are so genetically similar.)
What these data highlight are the importance of using one’s own cells (autologous) to be turned back into young cells using transcription factors and then transplanted back into the host donor (described in the humanoid graphic on the immediate left-hand column).
The next portion of my RAADfest presentation summarized research findings and news articles that had published over the past 12 months.
A consistent theme is the number of ultra-wealthy people donating to or investing in biomedical research that aims to reverse or eradicate pathological aging in humans.
My next set of slides described a study announced in November 2020 that made headline news around the world. This hyperbaric oxygen study showed that telomeres lengthened by 20% in these human study subjects.25
As Seen on CNBC September 30, 2020
Billionaire Jim Mellon’s Life Extension Start-up to Go Public in 6 to 12 months
Mellon’s company, Juvenescence, has privately raised about $170 million.
Mellon said he wants to live longer than a century, and another billionaire, Michael Bloomberg, reportedly wants to live to be 125.
I showed slides of the media proclaiming that aging had been reversed for the first time in humans.
To achieve these telomere elongation benefits, study subjects underwent hyperbaric oxygen therapy plus breathed in pure oxygen five days a week for three consecutive months.
Telomeres are tips at the end our chromosomes that shorten with each cell division. When there is no more telomere structure, cells die.
I announced that a study will soon publish showing hyperbaric therapy combined with healthy behavior patterns elongated telomeres an average of 40% in older people!
The audience was told that we are monitoring this research and interacting with the scientists to validate whether this telomere elongation is associated with indicators of systemic age reversal.
My next slides described what people can do today to reduce their rate of telomere shortening by:25
- Engaging in healthy lifestyles
- Doing high intensity interval training
- Ensuring adequate antioxidant intake
- High consumption of omega-3s
- Including walnuts in your diet
- Restricting your calorie intake
Tel Aviv University November 20, 2020
“Study Finds Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatments Reverse Aging Process”
A new study from Tel Aviv University and the Shamir Medical Center in Israel indicates that hyperbaric oxygen treatments in healthy aging adults can stop the aging of blood cells and reverse the aging process.
In the biological sense, the adults’ blood cells actually grow younger as the treatments progress.
CREDIT: PD-NASA; PD-USGOV-NASA https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-07-hyperbaric-oxygen-therapy-protocol-cognitive.html
Novel Hyperbaric Oxygen Protocol Extends Telomere Length and Improves Immune Markers
Some immune cell telomeres elongated by 20%.
Some senescent immune cells reduced by 37%.
Improved immune markers.
Our representative (on top right) inside multi-patient hyperbaric room at The Villages in Central Florida. This is much more comfortable than conventional hyperbaric chambers.
At this point in my presentation, it was important to remind the group that these regenerative therapies are unlikely to work if we don’t pay attention to health basics learned decades ago.
Level 1 as depicted on the next slide is what everyone should be doing now to extend their healthy lifespan. My emphasis has always been to correct Level 1 so your body is better able to benefit from interventions such as NAD+ restoration and young plasma.
I next described a drug that was shown to induce rapid reversal of cognitive decline and markers of systemic aging in old mice. The slide below summarizes the regenerative effects of this new drug, not yet available to people:
Medical Xpress December 1, 2020
“Drug Reverses Age-related Cognitive Decline within Days”
UC San Francisco scientists show a few doses of new small-molecule integrated stress inhibitor:
- Rapid restoration of cognitive function in aged mice
- Reverse cognitive impairments in Down syndrome
- Restore memory function after traumatic brain injury
- Immune cell rejuvenation
- Enhanced cognition in healthy mice
“Just a few doses of an experimental drug can reverse age-related declines in memory and mental flexibility in mice.”
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-12-drug-reverses-age-related-cognitive-decline.html DOI:10.7554/eLife.62048
The value of transcription factors in restoring eyesight was published on December 3, 2020 and showed cell programming therapy to be effective in a whole body model (beyond the petri dish).
This Harvard study was published in the journal Nature and received widespread media coverage because it showed reversal of vision loss as can be seen in my next two slides appearing at the top of the next column:
Nature December 3, 2020
“Reprogramming Retinal Cells Can Reverse Age-related Vision Loss”
Harvard researchers used three Yamanaka transcription factors to restore youthful DNA methylation pattern in retinal cells.
Old mice with damaged optic nerves regrew axons and reversed vision loss in a model of glaucoma.
“These results show that mammalian tissues retain a record of youthful information, encoded in part by DNA methylation, which can be accessed to improve tissue function and potentially reverse the effects of aging.”
Lu, Y., Brommer, B., Tian, X. et al. Reprogramming to recover youthful epigenetic information and restore vision. Nature 588, 124–129 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2975-4 https://www.nature.com/nature/volumes/588/tissues/7836
From Nature December 3, 2020
Restoring Vision in Mice via Axon Regeneration
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) transmit visual information from the eye to the brain along projections called axons. Damage to the RGC axons prevents transmission of this information, leading to sight loss. Lu et al.2 report that treatment of damaged RGCs with a transcription-factor cocktail called OSK restores the cells to a youthful state, leading the axon regeneration and restoration of sight in mice.
Year 2020 ended with an editorial published in FORTUNE magazine’s annual investors guide that described age-reversal methods that had already been demonstrated in humans and animals. This FORTUNE article advocated for an “Operation Warp Speed” to reverse biological aging in people to avoid a “health care cost tsunami” as shown on the next three slides:
I responded to this “Operation Warp Speed” challenge by showing a video clip from a 1995 national television talk show where I advocated for society to initiate a revolution against pathological aging.
Fortune Magazine December 30, 2020
“Cracking the Code of Biological Aging Could Solve America’s Health Care Crisis”
“The most exciting oportunity for such an improvement in health productivity is to understand the biology of aging.” —Eli Dourado
https://fortune.com/2020/12/30/anti-aging-research-health-care-spending-biden/
Fortune Magazine December 30, 2020
Mainstream Recognition of the Need to Reverse the Aging Process
“Without treatments to slow or reverse aspects of biological aging, an aging population means we are in for a health care cost tsunami.”
“With such treatments, Americans would experience more healthy, productive years of life.” —Eli Dourado
https://fortune.com/2020/12/30/anti-aging-research-health-care-spending-biden/
Fortune Magazine December 30, 2020
Fortune Magazine’s Conclusion:
“Why not Launch an Operation Warp Speed for Biological Aging?” — Eli Dourado
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/01/200108160338.htm
https://fortune.com/2020/12/30/anti-aging-research-health-care-spending-biden/
The next slide describes a January 2020 study where the C-elegans lab model lifespan was extended the human equivalent of over 400 years. This breakthrough occurred in response to modulating just two cell pathways (mTOR and insulin signaling). This study received international media coverage as it demonstrated the potential for radically extended lifespans using technologies evolving today.
Science Daily January 8, 2020
Pathways that Extend Lifespan by 500% Identified
“Scientists have identified synergistic cellular pathways for longevity that amplify lifespan fivefold in C. elegans, a nematode worm used as a model in aging research.”
“The increase in lifespan would be the equivalent of a human living for 400 or 500 years, according to one of the scientists.”
Jianfeng Lan, Jarod A. Rollins, Xiao Zang, Di Wu, Lina Zou, Zi Wang, Chang Ye, Zixing Wu, Pankaj Kapahi, Aric N. Rogers, Di Chen. Translational Regulation of Nonautonomus Mitichondrial Stress Response Promotes Longevity. Cell Reports, 2019;28(4): 1050 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.078
The next slide summarizes interventions that people are self-experimenting with today to counteract multiple mechanisms of pathological aging.
Moving forward to January 2021, a study using a simple CRISPR editing technique more than doubled lifespan of progeroid mice.
from The Wall Street Journal Jan. 7, 2021
CRISPR Gene-editing Treatment “... mice with progeria that got the gene-editing treatment lived more than twice as long as the untreated mice.”
from The Wall Street Journal Jan. 7, 2021
CRISPR Gene-editing Treatment “Could Point Way to Fix for Deadly Aging Disease.”
Median lifespan of CRISPR-treated mice was 510 days compared to 215 days for the unedited group. If this model of progeria applies to humans, children with progeria might live into their forties or later.
Progeria is a genetic disease that causes accelerated aging in afflicted people. Death usually occurs between ages 12-20 with debilitating degenerative changes emerging in early life. Not only did the CRISPR-edited progeroid mice live much longer, but they remained free of the degenerative changes far longer.
CRISPR Gene-Editing Treatment
Under the optimistic extrapolation that combination CRISPR gene editing therapy might enable normal aged people to benefit, I created a chart showing what the human lifespan potential could be if combination CRISPR produced these same benefits.
Not all our advisors agreed with this optimistic extrapolation, but I pointed out that a single dose of combination CRISPR treatment was shown in November 2019 to reverse multiple effects of aging in mice as shown on the following slide:
PNAS November 19, 2019
Results from a Single Dose Combination Gene Therapy:
- 58% increased function after heart failure
- 38% reduction in vascular disease marker
- 75% reduction in kidney atrophy
- Complete reversal of obesity and diabetes
Noah Davidsohn, Matthew Pezone, Andyna Vernet, Amanda Graveline,
Daniel Oliver, Shimyn Slomovic, Sukanya Punthambaker, Xiaoming Sun,
Ronglih Liao, Joseph V. Bonventre, and Gerorge M. Church.
PNAS November 19, 2019 116(47) 23505-23511; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910073116
On the same day the CRISPR study on progeroid mice was published (Jan 6, 2021), another study more relevant to normal aging found the CRISPR edit of just one senescence-accelerating gene (KAT7) increased lifespan by 25% in mice. The CRISPR-treated mice also had improvements in overall appearance and grip strength.
Science Translational Medicine AAAS January 6, 2021
“A Genome-wide CRISPR-based Screen Identifies KAT7 as a Driver of Cellular Senescence”
KAT7 gene is significant driver of cell senescence. Targeting KAT7 using CRISPR enabled:
- 25% extended lifespan in normal aged mice.1
- Improved overall appearance and grip strength.1
Mice and humans share virtually the same set of genes though in slightly different forms.2
I then presented another optimistic extrapolation that if this simple single-gene edit works in people the same way as mice, our average lifespan might increase to 98 years (from the pathetically short 77-78 years today).
The January 22, 2021 issue of a prestigious international business newspaper (Financial Times) described aging as a “disease” and talked about anti-aging therapies this century that could prove as transformative as antibiotics were in the last century.
Life Extension has fought a 42-year war to persuade the public (and government) to recognize aging as a disease that future treatments might eradicate. It’s finally going mainstream!
As reported in the Financial Times AAAS January 22, 2021
“Aging is Like a Disease”
The 21st century could see anti-aging therapies that are as important to people as antibiotics were in the past century. undergo a radical change.
https://www.ft.com/contentd6d3cad8-f6e14a3c-b0cb-2b1afdeb95a0
On February 20, 2021, WebMD published an editorial titled “Is there a Cure for Aging?” and described groups that are seeking to reverse engineer our biological clock to “prevent death itself.”
WebMD then described species like the “immortal jellyfish” and lobsters that seemingly live forever (if not eaten first).
WebMD February 20, 2021
“Is There a Cure for Aging?”
An article published on WebMD.com describes billions of dollars of investor money that seek to significantly improve human biology.
WebMD describes heroic efforts being made to eliminate lethal diseases and prevent death in people.
The WebMD website published a moving graph showing that by around year 2065, life expectancy potential of people might approach 900 years.
https://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/story/is-there-a-cure-for-aging
WebMD February 20, 2021
Animals That Appear to Live Indefinitely
The Turritopsis dohrnii jellyfish may be immortal according to some scientists. It can renew its own life indefinitely by transforming back to an infantile stage if it becomes damaged, starved, sick or old.
Lobsters (if not eaten first) produce a youthful enzyme that has some scientists speculating if there may be an upper limit to its longevity potential.
https://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/story/is-there-a-cure-for-aging
What surprised me was a moving graph published by WebMD showing human lifespan potential of over 900 years occurring around year 2065. I made it clear this chart did not come from an age reversal research group, but WebMD itself:
On March 2, 2021, another CRISPR study was announced where it significantly reduced cholesterol and triglyceride levels in mice. The significance of this finding is that it may be possible to optimize artery-clogging lipids in people without the need for statin and other drugs commonly used today.
Science Alert March 2, 2021
CRISPR May Eliminate Neeed for Drugs
Single CRISPR injection reduces cholesterol up to 57% in mice.
“In addition to the cholesterol reduction, the experiment produced a 29.4% decrease in triglycerides...” —Peter Dockrell
A few days later (March 8, 2021), the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to two scientists working to engineer humans to be disease resistant.
The FDA approved the first study in human history of an anti-aging drug (metformin) in 2015. This was the first time the FDA approved a clinical trial that targets markers of human “aging” as a clinical end point.
In early 2021, the FDA approved two additional clinical trials where metformin will be studied to see if measures of age-delay and age reversal occur in older people.
I reminded the group that when metformin was combined with DHEA and growth hormone for one year, markers of human aging were reversed 2.5 years as measured by the Horvath Epigenetic Clock.
I mentioned that metformin had been listed as an anti-aging drug in Life Extension Magazine® in 1995:
Aging Cell September 2019
Thymic Age Reversal Demonstrated in 2019
Study conducted by Dr. Greg Fahy in collaboration with researchers from Stanford University and UCLA used individualized doses of:
- Human growth hormone
- DHEA
- Metformin
Study subjects also provided with daily vitamin D3 and zinc.
Reversal of epigenetic aging and immunosenescent trends in humans, GM Fahy, RT Brooke, JP Watson, Z Good… - Aging Cell, 2019
I next provided some updates on rapamycin and how people can participate in a clinical trial that will measure aging parameters in people over a 12-month period receiving two different weekly doses of rapamycin:
Data on senolytics continue to validate their potential efficacy including enhancing kidney function in mice.
April 2021
mTOR Inhibition with Rapamycin Improves Alzheimer’s in Mouse Model of Disease
Effects of rapamycin in mouse model of Alzheimer’s:
- Improved cerebrovascular function (better than non-Alzeimer’s mice)
- Reduction of beta-amyloid in brain cortex
- Reversed memory deficits
mTOR Attenuation with Rapamycin Reverses Neurovascular Uncoupling and Memory Deficits in Mice Modeling Alzheimer’s Disease. Candice E. Van Skike, Stacy A. Hussong, Stephen F. Hernandez, Andy Q. Banh, Nicholas DeRosa, Veronica Galvan Journal of Neuroscience 12 May 2021, 41 (19) 4305-4320; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2144-20.2021. PMID 33888602.
From ClinicalTrials.gov June 18, 2021
Rapamycin Human Study Receives $485,000 Funding
- Randomized, placebo-controlled trial into the safety/efficacy of rapamycin in reducing clinical measures of aging in older population.
- Two differing doses: 5 mg or 10 mg of rapamycin one time a week or a placebo.
- Primary Outcome Measure: Changes in visceral fat as measured by (DXA) scan.
- Secondary Outcomes: Range of clinical measures, e.g., bone density, blood tests, etc.
- 20 people enrolled at $360 each (original cost before donations was $1,200).
Principal investigators: James Watson, M.D. and Sajad Zalzala, M.D. Sponsor: AgelessRx Collaborator: University of California, Los Angeles To enroll log on to: https://wwwagelessrx.com/pearl
My next slide was a discovery at the Buck Institute on a way to measure the effects of senolytics. This research has been transferred to Tufts University where our Age Reversal Network (www.age-reversal.net) will assist in identifying suitable human study subjects.
May 19, 2021
More Than 50% of Americans over age 75 are Believed to Have Kidney Disease1
Senolytic Enhances Kidney Regeneration in Mice Senolytic treatment with ABT-263:
- Reduced senescent cell numbers
- Restored regenerative profile in aged mouse kidney
- Improved kidney function2
- https://www.kidney.org/news/monthly/wkd_aging
- Mylonas KJ, O’Sullivan ED, Humphries D, Baird DP, Docherty MH, Neely SA, Krimpenfort PJ, Melk A, Schmitt R, Ferreira-Gonzalez S, Forbes SJ, Hughes J, Ferenbach DA. Cellular senescence inhibits renal regeneration after injury in mice, with senolytic treatment promoting repair. Sci Transl Med. 2021 May 19;13(594):eabb0203. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb0203. PMID: 34011625.
June 1, 2021
Buck Institute Announces Non-Invasive Test to Measure Senolytic Efficacy
- Precise measure of senescent cell destruction demonstrated in cell culture and mice.
- USDA funding full-time research at Tufts University to make this available to humans.
- Age Reversal Network will assist to develop this test of senolytic therapy efficacy for upcoming clinical trials. (September 8, 2021)
- When available, this test will enable precise dosing of senolytic drugs and nutrients.
On June 26, 2021, the first human trial using CRISPR gene therapy was shown to reduce serum levels of a misfolding protein (transthyretin) in a form of a disease called amyloidosis.
On July 6, 2021, Popular Mechanics announced that the U.S. military is studying the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside to improve human performance.
From Fierce Biotech June 26, 2021
First Human Trial Using CRISPR
- Transthyretin amyloidosis is caused by the accumulation of misfolded transthyretin proteins.
- Misfolded transthyretin amyloid proteins build up and cause heart failure and other diseases.
- If left untreated death occurs in 2 to 5 years.
CRISPER/Cas9 gene editing reduced serum levels of transthyretin, a key biomarker for the disease, by 87% in humans.
(Standard care therapy typically reduces transthyretin by 80%.)
This is the first time gene editing has been proven to work in humans, which “opens up a whole new area of therapies for patients that wasn’t there.”
I reminded the audience that most of them had been using nicotinamide riboside for many years based on publications in Life Extension Magazine®.
From Popular Mechanics July 6, 2021
“The U.S. Military is Testing a Pill that Could Delay Aging”
- U.S. Special Operations Command Investing more money in anti-aging clinical trials.
- Trial to start soon of “anti-aging pill”
- NAD+ precursor being tested to enable “improved human performance…like Increased endurance and faster recovery from injury.”
“Reduced levels of NAD+ are linked to aging and numerous diseases, including mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and a variety of associated diseases. These levels decline as humans age and remain depleted during disease states.”
https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/a36905562/usmilitary-testing-anti-aging-pill/
I concluded this portion of my presentation by showing the cover of the September 2021 issue of Prevention magazine.
Life Extension Magazine November 2014
NAD+ Restoration Turned Real 7 Years Ago
- Since 2001 Life Extension has sought ways to restore NAD+.
- NAD+ helps turn “off” degenerative processes.
- Proven methods to boost NAD+ became available in circa 2014
Life Extension Magazine September 2017
NAD+ Sharply Plummets with Age
- At age 50, we have 50% less cell NAD+ than at age 20.
- By age 80, NAD+ levels Drop by as much as 98%.
The significance of this is that for decades, Prevention had been critical of attempts to slow biological aging. In those early days, Prevention viewed aging as a natural process that should not be interfered with.
The September 2021 article in Prevention favorably described research on everything we have been studying. I complimented Prevention and others for waking up to the fact that there are methods beyond healthy lifestyles that may extend healthy lifespans.
The next segment of my presentation moved on to what people can do now to slow aging and reduce disease risk.
Prevention Magazine September 2021
Prevention Magazine Favorably Describes:
- Intermittent Fasting
- Metformin
- DNA methylation testing
- Sirtuin activation
- Young plasma transfer
- Senolytic drugs
One of my focuses was on the benefits of intermittent fasting. The most popular way people are doing this today is fasting (nothing but water, black coffee, or tea) for about 16 hours most days and consume a reasonable number of calories during an eight-hour period.
The benefits are enormous, including boosting AMPK, turning down excess mTOR and enabling a cellular housekeeping process to occur known as autophagy.
Stated succinctly, autophagy enables cellular housekeeping to occur.
If one does not take a break from constantly ingesting calories, cells never get a chance to remove cellular waste products that accumulate.
Those unable to fast often rely on AMPK activating compounds and/or those that directly suppress excess mTOR.
From the New England Journal of Medicine Dec. 26, 2019
Effects of Intermittant Fasting on Health, Aging, and Disease
Animal models show consistent robust benefits of intermittent fasting:
- Suppresses inflammation
- Reduces obesity and type II diabetes
- Protects against cardiovascular disease
- Lowers risk of neurodegenerative disorders
- Reduces cancer incidence
Nature Research October 27, 2020
“Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for 4 consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response & improves metabolic syndrome.”
No eating/drinking from dawn to dusk… 14-15 hours each day:
- 7.25 pounds of weight loss
- 8.8 mmHg reduction in blood pressure
- Significant increase in tumor suppressor/anticancer proteins
- Significant decrease in several tumor promoter/pro-cancer proteins
- Increasing a protein called calreticulin (by around 16 times)
- Calreticulin enhances IgG response to a SARS-CoV spike protein
Scientific Reports,(2020)10:18341 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
In addition to fasting, I advocated for the audience to consume a Mediterranean diet and showed several slides about healthy foods people should consume and toxic ones to avoid.
The first two slides in the next column show the remarkable reductions in mortaltiy in those who adhere more to a Mediterrean diet.
I showed three of the many Life Extension® magazines that have long advocated for readers to follow a Mediterrean diet.
My presentations include photos and descriptions of dead billionaires who are missing the super-longevity boat. In the example below, I mention an individual who died of a heart attack at the early age of 57. Was he having comprehensive blood tests and taking corrective actions? I don’t know, but too many people fail to test for proven causes of cardiovascular disease.
From the British Journal of Nutrition
“Mediterranean Diet and Mortality in the Elderly: A Prospective Cohort Study and Meta-analysis”
“In the multi-variable model, high adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with 25% lower risk of death as compared with the lowest category.”
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 August 2018 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/mediterranean-diet-and-mortality-in-the-elderly-a-prospective-cohort-study-and-a-metaanalysis/F2D6B083AA187849477112DB77820521
American Heart Association June 30, 2021
Mediterranean Diet Score, Dietary Patterns and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death
Study of 21,000 people over 9.8 years reveals:
- Diet high in fried foods, organ meats and processed meats regularly had a 46% higher risk of sudden cardiac death compared to those with least adherence.
- Those who most closely followed the traditional Mediterranean diet had a 26% lower risk of sudden cardiac death than those with the least adherence to this eating style.
Mediterranean diet defined as high in vegetables and whole grains, low intake of meat, high intake of marine omega-3s.
Originally published 30 June 2021 https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.019158
Journal of the American Heart Association
Mediterranean Diet Healthy Foods
More fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and less dairy & meat than typical western diet.
Heart disease mortality has plummeted by 68% since 1969, but that statistic means nothing if you are part of the group still dying from heart disease.
Who Missed the Longevity Boat?
Baron Benjamin de Rothschild (1963-2021)
Expiration date: Jan. 15, 2021
Net worth >$1.5 billion
Heir to a French banking fortune, died of a heart attack at age 57 on January 15, 2021.
He oversaw the Edmond de Rothschild empire, which has stakes in banks in France and Switzerland, owns restaurants, hotels, and vineyards in Argentina, New Zealand, South Africa, Spain and France.
Perhaps the easiest way of slashing heart attack risk is to have an at-home Omega-3 Index test and target a level above 6.8%.
Reduction in Heart Disease Mortality in the United States
Age-standardized death rate from heart disease per 100,000 people dropped:
From: 520 in 1969
To: 167 in 2014
68% decline over 45 years
Weir HK, Anderson RN, Coleman King SM, Soman A, Thompson TD, Hong Y, et al. Heart Disease and Cancer Deaths — Trends and Projections in the United States, 1969–2020. Prev Chronic Dis 2016;13:160211. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd13.160211external icon
Two recent published studies substantiate the benefit of achieving a higher Omega-3 Index score.
Life Extension Magazine August 2020
The Omega-3 Index is a blood test that measures the percent of omega-3 fatty acids in red blood cells.
Red blood cell EPA/DHA content is a good measure of sustained omega-3 status.
You want your Omega-3 Index score to be > 6.8%.
Typical Japanese Omega-3 Index is > 8.0%. That may correlate with 5 year longer life expectancy in Japan.
Yet 53% of Life Extension supporters have less-than-optimal omega-3 status as shown on slide below:
December 2018
Omega-3-Index and Risk of Death
People with omega-3 RBC scores > 6.8% compared with those < 4.2%:
39% lower risk for cardiovascular disease
34% lower risk of death from any cause
(Subjects average age 66 and followed over 7 years)
Higher Omega-3 Index associated with reduced risks because of:
- Lowering of triglycerides, blood pressure, platelet aggregation, heart rate
- Lower markers of inflammation and arterial plaque vulnerability
- Reduced rate of telomere rate attrition
Journal of Clinical Lipidology (2018) 12, 718-727.
June 16, 2021
Higher Omega-3 Blood Score = Nearly 5 years Increased Life Expectancy
- Predictive model for correlation/association from Framingham Offspring Cohort (n=2,240)
- Baseline omega-3 index score and relevant covariates evaluated over 11-year follow-up.
- Standard risk adjustments: age, sex, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, hypertension treatment, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, prevalent diabetes.
- Extensive validation process to account for confounding risk factors.
Analysis reveals red blood cell omega-3 index over 6.8% in people is associated with 4.7 years additional life expectancy compared with omega-3 index under 4.2%.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, ngab195. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab195
The Omega-3 Index is available from several labs. Those who want to order from Life Extension can do so by calling 1-800-208-3444 or logging on to: www.LifeExtension.com/blood
Life Extension July 27, 2021
Omega-3 Index Scores in Life Extension Supporters
53.7% have Omega-3 Index scores < 6.8%
- Only 1,300 mg of added EPA/DHA from fish/supplements moves Omega-3 Index from < 4.2% to > 6.8%.
- Plant derived omega-3 precursors (ALA) not shown to achieve these robust EPA/DHA increases.
- Omega-3 Index at-home test costs $74.25—May save $$$ on fish oil supplements.
Omega-3 Index test available at: www.LifeExtension.com/blood
Journal of Clinical Lipidology (2018) 12, 718-727.
I finish my presentation with a transhumanist update including a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in July 2021 where a brain implant into a stroke-paralyzed patient enabled the patient to translate words from their brain on to a computer screen.
This finding advances the concept of the brain/cloud interface where the human brain might merge with the Cloud and achieve limitless self-improvements according to futurist Ray Kurzweil.
New England Journal of Medicine July 14, 2021
“Brain Implant Lets Man Speak After Being Silent for More Than A Decade”
New England Journal of Medicine study shows brain implant in a stroke paralyzed (15 years) patient enabled brain signals to be translated into words on a computer screen.
Comment by expert on brain-computer interfacing: “Human Brain/Cloud Interface technologies will empower us to preserve crucial brain information, interface our brain directly with the cloud, positively impact learning, and provide data for the study of consciousness. This technology is not distant in the future, as many believe.”—Nuno R.B. Martins, Ph.D (July 28, 2021)
I showed the group an announcement made on July 30, 2021 where Elon Musk has raised an additional $205 million to develop brain implants that can directly communicate with phones and computers.
Frontiers in Neuroscience March 20, 2019
Human Brain/ Cloud Interface
Human brains could be connected to the internet in“the next few decades” scientists predict.
Martins NRB, Angelica A, Chakravarthy K, Svidinenko Y, Boehm FJ, Opris I, Lebedev MA,
Swan M, Garan SA, Rosenfeld JV, Hogg T and Freitas RA Jr (2019) Human Brain/Cloud Interface. Front. Neurosci. 13:112. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00112
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0105225
Conscious Brain-to-Brain Communication in Humans Using Non-Invasive Technologies
Carles Grau,Romuald Ginhoux, Alejandro Riera,Thanh Lam Nguyen, Hubert Chauvat, Giulio Ruffini
Ray Kuzweil’s Exit Plan to Immortality
- Survive until year 2045
- Singularity enables neocortex to merge with cloud-based artificial intelligence
- Neocortex/AI enters limitless self-improvement cycles.
Result is superintelligence that advances our abilities to incomprehensive levels.
And for skeptics who cannot comprehend the magnitude of this, I went back to 1903 when the first heavier-than-air flight made headline news around the world, but virtually no one at the time envisioned flying buses.
CNBC July 30, 2021
Elon Musk’s Brain Computer Startup Raises $205 Million from Google Ventures and Others
- Neuralink is trying to develop high-bandwidth brain implants that can communicate with phones and computers
- Total investment in the company now stands at $363 million.
A mere 54 years after the Wright Brothers, intercontinental air travel became routine.
I analogized the rapid pace of science further with the Mars Rover that has a flying helicopter that is controlled remotely from earth.
Getting back to cellular reprogramming, I analogized what may happen if the biomedical sciences advance as quickly as aviation did.
I summarized how quickly we are rewriting the rules of biology with the following slide:
Scientific Breakthroughs and Subsequent Advances
- 1903 First “Flying Machine” travels 120 feet at Kitty Hawk
- 2021 Robot + helicopter travel 140 million miles to Mars
- 2011 Cells from 100-year-old human fully rejuvenated*
- 2022 Autologous iPSC studied for systemic rejuvenation
Our Mission!
Surging numbers of elderly Americans are suffering and causing astronomical medical outlays.
Cellular ReprogrammingRewriting the Rules of Biology
- Time-honored doctrine of biology was that the fate of cells was irreversibly determined, and that rejuvenation was impossible.
- Starting in 2006, cell reprogramming demonstarted cellular rejuvenation.
- Rejuvenation achieved in cells from very old humans (2011).
- Research underway to rejuvenate whole organisms (including humans).
- The “impossible” was achieved overnight via cellular reprogramming.
The best solution is to delay and reverse degenerative changes that occur in aged people. Even modest success will improve quality and quantity of life while averting a healthcare cost crisis.
I want to welcome a record number of new supporters who have joined our Life Extension community.
Some want to read everything they can in the anti-aging field while others mainly seek access to high-quality dietary supplements.
Every time you purchase a nutrient formula or blood test from Life Extension, you support scientists on the cutting edge of regenerative medicine research.
Those who want to receive free email updates about research findings, scientific conferences, and clinical trials should enroll at:
Annual RAADfest Conference
RAADfest is a non-profit scientific conference that I help to financially subsidize. It enables people to stay informed and connect with many of the best doctors, scientists and thought leaders in the field.
RAADfest 2022 will be held live in San Diego, California on October 6-9, 2022, taking proper precautions to make it safe and enjoyable.
The registration is affordable at $620 and this includes organic meals so the entire group can stay together and interact.
To learn more and reserve your place, and to see RAADfest’s comprehensive safety and cancellation policies log on to:
In Summary…
It is a personal privilege to interact with and fund scientists on the front lines of regenerative medicine research.
My objective is to save as many human lives as possible including our own.
For those seeking to delay aging today, the article on page 18 of this month’s isssue describes how eating a particular food group can add many healthy years to your life expectancy.
Welcome to our fantastic voyage!
For longer life,
William Faloon
Wellness
Specialists
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