Life Extension Magazine®
People want energy efficiency in their homes; they need it for their bodies as well. Carnitine is an amino acid that's critical for converting fatty acids into fuel. Because of this, it has the potential to help people lose weight. Muscles, liver, kidney and heart all require carnitine to convert fat into energy. If carnitine is not available, fatty acids will accumulate in the body. Japanese researchers have demonstrated the concept using high-fat diets. Normally this type of diet elevates cholesterol and triglyceride levels. But adding carnitine reverses the effect. Carnitine works by transporting fatty acids into mitochondria where they are used for energy production. Where fat goes, carnitine must follow.
Fats are one of three sources of energy the body utilizes. Muscles, including the heart, plus the kidney, and the liver depend heavily on fatty acids for fuel. Carnitine functions as a carrier system for fatty acids, shuttling them into mitochondria so they can be oxidized. The "carnitine shuttle" is well-known in biochemistry where it's recognized as critical for the metabolism of fatty acids. The shuttle relies on several carnitine-related enzymes to work. If any of them are nonfunctional, a build-up of fatty acids in the blood and organs will occur, as the shuttle screeches to a halt. This problem has been documented in people with insulin resistance. Studies show that defective carnitine-related enzymes are involved in this condition. But although dysfunctional enzymes would suggest something genetic, it's not necessarily the case. Some research suggests that supplemental carnitine may get the enzymes working again.
Fatty acids are converted to fatty acyl
CoA, then combined with carnitine before
they're carried into the cells' power plants,
mitochondria, to be oxidized.
In addition to insulin resistance, obesity, fatty blood, fatty liver and diabetes also involve abnormal fatty acid utilization. As a consequence, energy production falters, and fatty acids build up in the body. What can be done to get at this problem? There are two supplements and a stack of scientific papers that may provide answers.
Carnitine lowers lipids
The effect of carnitine on lipids is dramatically illustrated by experiments on cats. Felines quickly develop a life-threatening condition called "hepatic lipidosis" if they don't eat. Although it sounds paradoxical, not eating causes fat to build up in the liver. With it, the mitochondria begin to die off, and the energy system collapses. The break-down in metabolism occurs, at least in part, because of insufficient carnitine, which is critical for fatty acid utilization. Without carnitine, which comes from protein, fatty acids cannot be moved into mitochondria where they are used for fuel. Force-feeding is the treatment for this condition. Once protein (a source of carnitine) gets back in the system, lipid levels fall, and the condition reverses itself.
Weight loss
Because carnitine moves fatty acids into mitochondria for fuel, it has potential as a weight-loss supplement. Its beneficial effects have been demonstrated in cats where it promotes faster weight loss during dieting. However, a study in humans on an aerobic exercise program showed no results. One of the reasons may be that carnitine's ability to energize lipids depends on other factors. Hormones are one of those factors.
Insulin and glucagon are two hormones that affect the metabolism of fatty acids. DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) is another. DHEA upregulates carnitine-related enzymes that promote fatty acid utilization. In a study on humans, it was shown that age-related declines in DHEA levels cause carnitine to accumulate and not be utilized. This is similar to the fatty acid problem in cats, where lipids build up in the liver for lack of carnitine to move them. In this case, the lack of DHEA causes enzymes to lie idle, and the carnitine shuttle doesn't move. When supplemental DHEA is given to the rat equivalent of a postmenopausal woman, carnitine utilization is increased, and so is energy production. Similarly, when DHEA and/or carnitine is added to bone cells that depend on energy to multiply, energy and the production of bone protein are increased. DHEA clearly promotes fatty acid metabolism.
A lack of DHEA may be one of the primary causes of insulin resistance. This condition interferes with insulin's ability to regulate glucose. Since insulin is one of the hormones that affects fatty acid metabolism, insulin resistance turns up frequently where fatty acid metabolism is abnormal. And, although it is usually associated with obesity, obesity is not always present at the same time as insulin resistance. A study was done on nondiabetic, normal weight men with high blood pressure and insulin resistance. It showed that insulin resistance coincides with insufficient DHEA.
The positive effects of DHEA on insulin resistance have been proven in genetically diabetic mice where it restores insulin sensitivity and reduces the severity of diabetes. In humans, or at least in women, the level of testosterone appears to be critical to whether DHEA will ameliorate insulin resistance and improve fat utilization. This was dramatically illustrated in a study on a woman in Tennessee who had non-insulin dependant diabetes. When she was given the testosterone-suppressing drug, dexamethasone at the same time as supplemental DHEA, there was a 30% increase in insulin binding, and improvement in her diabetic condition. Dexamethasone alone did not have this effect. It was the increase in the ratio of DHEA-to-testosterone that had the beneficial effect on insulin binding.
DHEA reduces body weight in humans and increases lean body mass. It even acts directly on developing fat cells, reducing their size and number when combined with insulin. Its ability to reduce blood lipids has been compared to the drug, clofibrate.
Supplemental carnitine and DHEA both increase fat utilization through different, yet complimentary, mechanisms. Unfortunately, no human studies have been published using the two together. Despite this, all signs point to good effects on fat metabolism with this combination.
Your Cat May Need Supplemental Carnitine
A new study shows that the amount of L-carnitine in commercial cat food is insufficient to protect the liver. Researchers gave obese cats approximately 150 mg of L-carnitine per quarter pound of food versus the approximate 5 mg approved for commercial cat food. The higher amount approaches what cats would get from a natural diet. The added carnitine had significant effects on liver function, specifically the utilization of fatty acids. For obese cats, supplemental carnitine is essential. They are prone to developing anorexia, which leads to the life-threatening condition, hepatic lipidosis, where fat builds up in the liver. Cats with this condition have drastic alterations in fatty acids, with liver triglycerides off the chart. Cats given adequate amounts of L-carnitine have a much better ability to weather this metabolic crisis. Supplement L-carnitine suppresses these drastic alterations in lipids.
L-carnitine also maintains good metabolic function during obesity. When cats become obese on a commercial diet, carnitine levels shoot up drastically in the liver. This is apparently because the amino acid is not being utilized: normally it carries fat for fuel. But cats maintained on natural high levels of L-carnitine everyday in their diet don't have drastic increases of unused carnitine in their liver when they become obese. Their carnitine levels remain steady, indicating less stress on the system, and better metabolism.
References
Abadie JM, et al. 2001. Dehydroepiandrosterone alters Zucker rat soleus and cardiac muscle lipid profiles. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 226:782-9.
Abadie JM, et al. 2001. Dehydroeipandrosterone alters phospholipid profiles in Zucker rat muscle tissue. Lipids 36:1383-6.
Blanchard G, et al. 2002. Dietary L-Carnitine supplementation in obese cats alters carnitine metabolism and decreases ketosis during fasting and induced hepatic lipidosis. J Nutr 132:204-10.
Brady LJ, et al. 1991. Regulation of carnitine acyltransferase synthesis in lean and obese Zucker rats by dehydroepiandrosterone and clofibrate. J Nutr 121:525-31.
Buffington CK, et al. 1993. Case report: amelioration of insulin resistance in diabetes with dehydroepiandrosterone. Am J Med Sci 306:320-24.
Center SA, et al. 1993. Ultrastructural hepatocellular features associated with severe hepatic lipidosis in cats. Am J Vet Res 54:724-31.
Center SA, et al. 2000. The clinical and metabolic effects of rapid weight loss in obese pet cats and the influence of supplemental oral L-carnitine. J Vet Intern Med 14:598-608.
Chiu KM, et al. 1997. Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate on carnitine acetyl transferase activity and L-carnitine levels in oophorectomized rats. Biochim Biophys Acta 1344:201-9.
Chiu KM, et al. 1999. Correlation of serum L-carnitine and dehydro-epiandrosterone sulphate levels with age and sex in healthy adults [see comments]. Age Ageing 28:211-16.
Chiu KM, et al. 1999. Carnitine and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate induce protein synthesis in porcine primary osteoblast-like cells. Calcif Tissue Int 64:527-33.
Coleman DL, et al. 1982. Therapeutic effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DEA) in diabetic mice. Diabetes 31:830-33.
Gomez FE, et al. 2002. Molecular differences caused by differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in the presence of either dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or 7-Oxo-DHEA. Biochem 41:5473-82.
Hall JA, et al. 1997. Lipid composition of hepatic and adipose tissues from normal cats and from cats with idiopathic hepatic lipidosis. 1997. J Vet Intern Med 11:238-42.
Inokuchi T, et al. 1995. Changes in carnitine metabolism with ketone body production in obese glucose-intolerant patients. Diab Res Clin Pract 30:1-7.
Lea-Currie YR, et al. 1997. Effects of acute administration of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate on adipose tissue mass and cellularity in male rats. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 21:147-54.
Peluso G, et al. 2002. Decreased mitochondrial carnitine translocase in skeletal muscles impairs utilization of fatty acids in insulin-resistant patients. Front Biosci 7:A109-16.
Shimura S, et al. 1993. Changes of lipid concentrations in liver and serum by administration of carnitine added diets in rats. J Vet Med Sci 55:845-47.
Suzuki M, et al. 1999. A close association between insulin resistance and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in subjects with essential hypertension. Endocr J 46:521-28.
Villani RG, et al. 2000. L-carnitine supplementation combined with aerobic training does not promote weight loss in moderately obese women. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 10:199-207.
Yamada J, et al. 1991. Characteristics of dehydroepiandrosterone as a peroxisome proliferator. Biochim Biophys Acta 1092:233-43.
Wellness
Specialists
1-800-226-2370 - This service is FREE
7:30 AM - 12 AM (ET) Mon-Fri | 9 AM - 12 AM (ET) Sat-Sun
